Explanation

When electrons move from low to high potential, they lose energy as they move against the electric field.

This results in a decrease in their kinetic energy, making them slower.

In contrast, when they move from high to low potential, they gain energy and speed up.

Explanation

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary molecule that encodes genetic information in cells.

It is a long, double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of genetic information.

Explanation

Immunization is actually the process of becoming immune to a disease, typically through vaccination.

It is not an effect of misusing antibiotics.

Explanation

Hallucinogens are drugs that alter perception, thought, and mood, often causing:

• Blurred vision
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there, like unseen faces)
• Altered mood, including euphoria

Explanation

Vaccination can be administered:

• Before infection (preventive vaccination, the most common scenario)
• After infection (post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP, to prevent severe symptoms or complications)
• During infection (in some cases, to reduce disease severity and transmission, like during an outbreak or pandemic)

Explanation

Sedatives are drugs that slow down normal brain functioning, leading to a calming or tranquilizing effect.

They can reduce anxiety, stress, and even induce sleep.

Examples of sedatives include benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium), barbiturates, and certain antidepressants.

Explanation

Minerals like gold salts (e.g., auranofin) and platinum compounds (e.g., platinum sulfate) have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Gold therapy, in particular, has been used for many years to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.

Explanation

Joseph Lister, also known as Baron Lister of Lyme Regis.

He was a British surgeon and medical scientist who founded antiseptic medicine and was a pioneer in preventive medicine.

Lister is also known as the "father of modern surgery".

Explanation

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecule that is commonly used as a vector in genetic engineering and molecular biology.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the host cell's genome and can carry genes of interest.

It making them useful for gene cloning, expression, and transfer.

Explanation

Restriction enzymes are naturally occurring enzymes used by bacteria as a defense mechanism to protect themselves from viral infections.

These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at those sites, preventing viral replication.

This defense strategy is known as the restriction-modification system.