Explanation

• Gymnosperms are plants whose seeds are not enclosed inside an ovary or fruit.
• The word gymnosperm means “naked seed.”
• Examples include pine, cycas, and fir.
• Their seeds are often borne on the scales of cones.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Leaves are called the food factory of plants.
• They prepare food through the process of Photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll in leaves absorbs sunlight to make food.
• Photosynthesis uses Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), and Sunlight.
• Food produced is mainly Glucose, which provides energy to the plant.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water vapor through their leaves.
• Water mainly escapes through tiny pores called stomata present on the leaves.
• Transpiration helps in the movement of water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
• It also helps in cooling the plant.

Additional information:

• Absorption → Taking in water and minerals
• Respiration → Releasing energy from food
• Photosynthesis → Preparation of food

Last verified on 05-10-2026

Explanation

• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their food.
• Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose.
• Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and helps in the process.
• Oxygen is released as a by-product.

Last verified on 06-10-2026

Explanation

• Legumes → plants with pods containing seeds, e.g., peanuts, lentils, chickpeas.

Additional information:

• Scientific name → Arachis hypogaea
• Nutritional value → high protein and oil content
• Major producing countries → China, India, USA, Pakistan

Last verified on 14-09-2026

Explanation

• The Banyan tree is famous for developing aerial roots from its branches.
• These roots grow downward and may become supporting trunks.
• Because of its multiple root-like structures.

Last verified on 04-09-2026

Explanation

• Soil with a particle size less than 0.002 mm and high cohesion is called clay.
• It feels sticky when wet, holds a lot of water, and hardens when dry.

Explanation

• The strength of clay is mainly due to cohesion 

Why Clay Has High Cohesion

• Tiny particles: Clay particles are microscopic and flat, like tiny plates.
• Water films: Water molecules stick between these tiny plates.
• Electrostatic forces: Strong electrical charges pull the particles close to each other.

Explanation

• In fluvial processes, small and shallow channels are called rills, which grow into gullies,

Additional information

• Valleys: Large, low-lying areas drained by rivers or streams.
• Deltas: Landforms created at the mouth of a river where it meets standing water.
• Levees: Raised ridges of sediment running along the banks of a river channel.

Explanation

• The age of a tree is determined by its Rings (Number of Annual Rings).
• Each annual ring generally represents one year of growth.
• Counting the rings on the trunk helps determine the tree's age.
• The study of tree rings is called Dendrochronology.

Last verified on 20-07-2026