Explanation

NF₃ → trigonal pyramidal (non-planar).

SF₄ → seesaw shape (non-planar).

XeF₄ → square planar due to 2 lone pairs on Xe opposite each other.

Explanation

The –CF₃ group is a strong electron-withdrawing group by –I effect, which increases acidity.

Therefore, Trifluoroacetic acid (CF₃COOH) is much stronger than acetic acid (CH₃COOH) or CCl₄COOH.

Explanation

Ionization potential is highest for the element with the smallest atomic size and strongest nuclear attraction.

Among Mg, Ca, Na, and Be → Beryllium (Be) has the highest ionization potential.

Explanation

A solution with pH < 7 is acidic.

Acids turn blue litmus red, while bases (pH > 7) turn red litmus blue.

Explanation

Isotopes of hydrogen are Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium (they differ in number of neutrons).

Ortho and Para hydrogen are not isotopes but spin isomers of hydrogen molecules (H₂).

Explanation

Cold alkaline KMnO₄ oxidizes ethylene by adding hydroxyl groups across the double bond.

This reaction gives a vicinal diol (–OH on adjacent carbons) → Ethylene glycol.

Explanation

Heat naturally flows from hot to cold, but in a refrigerator it goes from cold to hot surroundings, which is against natural flow.

This requires external work (electric energy), hence it is a non-spontaneous process.

Explanation

Polarizability increases with size of the atom and number of electrons.

Helium is the smallest noble gas atom with only 2 electrons, so it is the least polarizable.

Explanation

Common salt (table salt) is sodium chloride (NaCl).

It is the most widely used edible and farming salt.

Explanation

When chlorine reacts with cold dilute NaOH, it undergoes disproportionation:

Cl₂ + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H₂O

This reaction produces sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, and water.