Explanation

• Water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) combine to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).
• The reaction is: CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃.
• Carbonic acid is a weak acid.
• It forms naturally when CO₂ dissolves in water.
• Carbonic acid contributes to the slightly acidic nature of rainwater.

Last verified on 11-08-2026

Explanation

• In forensic science, Chromatography is commonly used for identifying poisons, drugs, and other chemicals.
• It is a laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and analyze different substances in a mixture.
• It can help detect toxic substances in blood, urine, and other biological samples.

Last verified on 09-08-2026

Explanation

• A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid solution by determining hydrogen-ion activity.
• Glass electrode: Senses hydrogen ions in the liquid.
• Reference electrode: Provides a stable electrical voltage.
• Meter display: Converts the voltage difference into a clear pH number

Explanation

• Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method.
• It determines the amount of an analyte by measuring its mass.
• The measured mass is used to calculate the amount of the original substance.

Explanation

Filtration separates solid particles from a liquid or gas based on particle size.

• A porous material (filter) allows fluid and small particles through
• The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate
• The solid left behind on the filter is called the residue
• It works only when the solid particles are larger than the filter's pores

Examples:

• Coffee filter separating grounds from liquid coffee

Explanation

• Based on differences in boiling points
• Lower-boiling-point liquid vaporizes first
• Vapor is collected and condensed back into a liquid
• Higher-boiling-point liquids remain behind
• Used to separate and purify liquid mixtures (e.g., water and ethanol)

Explanation

• Tritium (³H) is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
• It undergoes beta (β) decay and changes into Helium-3.

Additional information:

• Hydrogen Isotopes: 3 (Protium, Deuterium, Tritium)
• Protium (¹H): 1 proton, 0 neutrons (Stable)
• Deuterium (²H): 1 proton, 1 neutron (Stable)
• Tritium (³H): 1 proton, 2 neutrons (Radioactive)
• Half-life of Tritium: Approximately 12.3 years

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (RA) was an expert in chemistry.
• Birth: 702 AD (83 AH)
• Death: 765 AD (148 AH)
• Imam Number: 6th Imam
• Student: Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
• Known Fields: Chemistry, Fiqh, Hadith, Astronomy, Mathematics

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Plastic is generally an amorphous (non-crystalline) material and does not naturally form crystals.
• Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon with a regular atomic structure.
• Sucrose (sugar) naturally forms crystals.
• Crystalline materials have atoms arranged in a regular repeating pattern.
• Amorphous materials lack a long-range ordered crystal structure.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• The critical temperature of mercury is approximately 4.2 K.
• Effect: Electrical resistance drops to zero below this point. 
• Celsius: ~-269 °C
• Atomic number (Z): 80
• Group: group 12
• Period: period 6
• Block: d-block
• Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
• Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2

Last updated 24-07-2026 by NA