Explanation

• Bug: An error or flaw in software.
• The term "bug" was popularized in the 1940s
• Origin: A moth was found in the Harvard Mark II computer in 1947.
• Associated with: Grace Hopper and her team.

Last updated on 30 Oct 2026

Explanation

• Definition: Finding and correcting errors (bugs) in a program.
• Purpose: To make the program work correctly.
• Errors: Can cause crashes or unexpected behaviour.
• Common term: Bugs = Program errors.

Last updated on 30 Oct 2026

Explanation

ROM is an example of Primary Memory.

- Primary memory includes RAM and ROM.

- ROM is non-volatile memory.

- It retains data when power is off.

- Stores permanent instructions and firmware.

- Retains data without electricity.

Last updated on 30 Oct 2026

Explanation

• The physical part of a computer is called hardware.
• Hardware refers to all the tangible parts of a computer that contribute to its functionality.
• Some examples of hardware include:
• Motherboard, RAM, CPU, Mouse, Keyboard, CD, DVD, Hard disk, Monitor, and Case.

Additional information:

• In contrast, software is the intangible part of a computer that helps it perform its functions.
• Software is made up of programs, procedures, and routines that run the computer system.

Last verified on 04-09-2026

Explanation

• A Cell is the intersection of a row and a column in a spreadsheet such as MS Excel.
• Each cell has a unique cell address, such as A1, B5, or C10.
• Rows are identified by numbers: 1, 2, 3, ...
• Columns are identified by letters: A, B, C, ...
• A cell can contain text, numbers, formulas, or functions.

Last verified on 09-08-2026

Explanation

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

- Type: Raster image format.

- Uses: Web graphics and digital images.

- Key Feature: Supports transparent backgrounds.

- Compression: Lossless.

Last updated on 26 Oct 2026

Explanation

• Router: Connects two or more networks.
• Directs data packets to their correct destination.
• Selects the best route for data transmission.
• Connects a local network (LAN) to the internet.
• Works mainly at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model.

Explanation

• 1 nanosecond = one billionth of a second.
• 1  ns = 10^-9 seconds.
• 1 microsecond = 1,000 nanoseconds.
• Computer memory access time is often measured in nanoseconds.

Explanation

• Registers hold data for the shortest duration during CPU processing.
• They are the fastest and smallest memory in the computer.
• Order: Register → Cache → RAM → Hard Disk.
• ~1 clock cycle (Fractions of a nanosecond)

Additional information:

• Fastest computer memory: Register
• Main working memory: RAM

Explanation

• Hashing converts data into a fixed-length hash value.
• It helps verify data integrity by detecting changes.
• It is used to store passwords securely as hashes.
• Hashing is a one-way process; the original data is not normally recoverable from the hash.