Explanation

• Data refers to a collection of raw facts and figures.
• Data can include numbers, words, symbols, or observations.
• When data is processed and organized, it becomes information.
• Example: 85, 90, 76 are raw data; their calculated average is information.

Last verified on 03-09-2026

Explanation

• Hashing is a one-way process that converts data into a fixed-length hash value.
• Encryption converts data into ciphertext that can be reversed (decrypted) using a key.
• Hashing is commonly used for password verification and data integrity.
• Encryption is used to protect confidential information during storage or transmission.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The Network Layer (Layer 3) is responsible for logical addressing and routing.
• It uses IP addresses to identify devices across different networks.
• It determines the best path for packets from source to destination.
• Routers primarily operate at this layer.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• Email stands for Electronic Mail.
• It is a method of sending and receiving digital messages through the internet.
• The term electronic mail has been used with its modern meaning since 1975.
• The shorter form E-mail became common around 1979.

Additional information:

Parts of a valid email address:

1. Email Prefix
2. Email Domain

Address: example@mail.com

1. example = Email Prefix
2. mail.com = Email Domain

Last verified on 16-06-2026

Explanation

• An IP address (like 192.168.1.1) consists of four numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255.
• Each of these numbers is called an octet because it contains 8 bits.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) uses a 32-bit address system.
• It allows about 4.3 billion unique IP addresses.
• It is written in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

Additional information:

• IPv6 length → 128 bits

Last verified on 26-05-2026

Explanation

• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) provides backup power to a computer during a power failure.
• It helps prevent the loss of unsaved data by keeping the computer running temporarily.
• It can also protect equipment from certain power fluctuations.

Last verified on 01-09-2026

Explanation

• The standard other name for junk email is Spam.
• Junk email is unwanted and unsolicited email sent in bulk.
• It is commonly used for ads, scams, or fake promotions.

Additional information:

• Spoof means pretending to be another sender (email spoofing).
• Spam filters are used in email services to automatically block junk mail.

Last verified on 16-02-2026

Explanation

• (x + y) = 5 + 3 is not a valid assignment in Python.
• The program raises a SyntaxError before execution.

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