Explanation

The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay as a political party.

Its headquarters are in New Delhi.

Allan Octavian Hume was appointed as General Secretary.

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee was elected the first President.

Explanation

The Hindu press first mockingly used the term "Pakistan Resolution" after the 1940 Lahore Resolution.

Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim League later officially adopted the name, giving it political identity and significance.

Explanation

• Military Overextension: Constant wars (e.g., Deccan campaigns) drained resources.
• Religious Policies: Aurangzeb’s reversal of Akbar’s tolerance alienated Hindus and Sikhs, sparking rebellions (e.g., Sikh uprisings, Rajput conflicts).
• Economic Strain: Heavy taxation and famine weakened the agrarian economy.
• Administrative Breakdown: Corruption grew, and regional governors (like the Nizam of Hyderabad) gained autonomy.

Explanation

The Simla Deputation (1906) was led by Aga Khan.

He presented Muslim demands to the British, especially for separate electorates.

Lord Minto, then Viceroy of India, welcomed the deputation positively.

It was later led to the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 granting Muslims separate electorates.

Explanation

After the 1857 War of Independence, the British held Muslims primarily responsible due to their leadership role and historical resentment from the fall of the Mughal Empire.

As a result, Muslims faced harsher repression, including loss of property, jobs, and educational opportunities during British rule.

Explanation

Mir Qasim was the Nawab of Bengal before the Battle of Buxar in 1764.

He had replaced Mir Jafar with British support but later clashed with them.

He allied with Shuja-ud-Daula (Oudh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor) against the British East India Company.

The English Army in the Battle of Buxar was led by Hector Munro.

Explanation

The Cripps Mission (1942) offered dominion status after WWII, but was rejected by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

Gandhi called it a "post-dated cheque," and Jinnah also opposed it as it did not recognize the demand for Pakistan.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi is renowned for leading the Indian independence movement using non-violent civil disobedience (Ahimsa).

He inspired millions of Indians to peacefully resist British rule through protests, marches, and boycotts.

It earned him the title "Father of the Nation" in India.

Additional Information:

1915: Gandhi returned to India from South Africa and began working for social reforms.

1919: Launched opposition to the Rowlatt Act, marking the start of mass movements.

1930: Led the Dandi March (Salt March) against British salt laws.

1942: Launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an end to British rule.

15 August 1947: India gained independence.

Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948.

Explanation

Genghis Khan founded and led the Mongol Empire in the early 13th and 14th centuries.

It was the largest contiguous land empire in history.

Founded: 1206

Date dissolved: 1368

Explanation

Allama Iqbal envisioned a separate homeland for Muslims of the subcontinent.

His poetry and philosophy deeply influenced the ideology behind Pakistan’s creation.

Additional Information:

• Delivered the Allahabad Address (1930) proposing a separate Muslim state.
• Regarded as the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan."
• His ideas laid the foundation for the Two-Nation Theory.
• National poet of Pakistan; his birth (Nov 9) is celebrated as Iqbal Day.