Explanation

• The East India Company was established on 31 December 1600.
• Queen Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, granted the Company its royal charter.
• Elizabeth I died in 1603, after which the Stuart dynasty began with James I.

Last verified on 08-09-2026

Explanation

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote this (Risala-i-Asbab-e-Baghawat-i-Hind) pamphlet after the War of Independence of 1857.
• It examined the causes of the revolt and attempted to explain the reasons for the uprising.
• He also sought to remove misunderstandings about the Muslims’ involvement in the revolt.
• The pamphlet was written in 1858.

Last verified on 08-09-2026

Explanation

• Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah strongly opposed the Rowlatt Act of 1919.
• The Act allowed the British government to detain people without trial and restricted civil liberties.
• Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in protest against the Act.

Last verified on 06-09-2026

Explanation

• The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
• It aimed to oppose British rule through non-violent non-cooperation.
• The movement was formally adopted at the Nagpur Session of Congress in December 1920.

Last verified on 06-09-2026

Explanation

• The Simla Deputation took place on October 1, 1906
• Location: Viceregal Lodge, Simla (now Shimla, India)
• Leader: Sir Aga Khan III
• Participants: 35 prominent Muslim leaders
• Met With: Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India.
• Main Demand: Separate electorates for Muslims

Additional information

• The Simla Agreement was signed on July 2, 1972.

Last updated by NS on 5-09-2026

Explanation

• After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Congress reacted strongly.
• It launched the Quit India Movement in 1942.
• This was led by Mahatma Gandhi.
• The demand was for immediate British withdrawal from India.
• It became a major mass movement against British rule.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The War of Independence of 1857 ended in the defeat of the Indian resistance against British rule.
• Muslims faced severe political and economic consequences after the war.
• However, it contributed to a new Muslim political and educational awakening.
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan played a major role in promoting modern education among Muslims.

Last verified on 12-03-2026

Explanation

• The Durand Line was drawn in 1893.
• It was established as the official border between British India and Afghanistan.
• British representative: Sir Mortimer Durand
• Afghan ruler: Amir Abdur Rahman Khan
• It later became the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Length: Around 2,640 km

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• The Indian Councils Act 1909, also called the Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

Additional information:

• Date of introduction: 12 March 1909
• Total members in Central Legislative Council: 60
• Muslim reserved seats: 5
• 27 members were to be elected from different constituencies.
• Nehru Report (28 August 1928) rejected the demand for separate electorate.

Last verified on 07-03-2026

Explanation

• Main aim: Protect and restore the Ottoman Caliphate.
• Started: 1919
• Ended: 1924, after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate.
• Major leaders: Ali Brothers, Abul Kalam Azad, and others.
• Major ally: Mahatma Gandhi supported the movement and linked it with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Last verified on 02-09-2026