Explanation

• A horst is an uplifted block of the Earth's crust formed between two parallel normal faults.
• It is created by tectonic forces during crustal extension.
• The adjacent blocks move downward, making the horst appear elevated.

Additional information:

• Graben: Down-faulted block between two normal faults
• Normal fault: Forms due to tensional forces
• Reverse fault: Forms due to compressional forces
• Strike-slip fault: Forms due to horizontal shearing forces

Last verified on 28-07-2026

Explanation

• Einstein's equation E=mc² shows that mass can be converted into energy and vice versa.
• c: Speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s (≈ 3×10⁸ m/s)
• E: Energy
• m: Mass
• It was proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905 as part of the Special Theory of Relativity.

Last verified on 28-07-2026

Explanation

• Cow and Deer are herbivores because they feed on plants.
• Herbivores eat grass, leaves, fruits, and other plant materials.

Additional information:

• Herbivores: Cow, Deer, Goat, Rabbit, Elephant
• Carnivores: Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Wolf, Cheetah
• Omnivores: Human, Bear, Crow, Pig, Hen

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Paramecium contains two nuclei: a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
• The macronucleus controls daily metabolic and cellular activities.
• The micronucleus is responsible for reproduction and genetic exchange.
• Paramecium is a single-celled protozoan found in freshwater.
• It belongs to the phylum Ciliophora.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Lahore's smog is mainly caused by pollutants from vehicles reacting with sunlight.
• Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) form ground-level ozone and fine particles.
• Industrial emissions, crop residue burning, and brick kilns also worsen smog.
• Smog is most severe during the winter season (October–January).

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (RA) was an expert in chemistry.
• Birth: 702 AD (83 AH)
• Death: 765 AD (148 AH)
• Imam Number: 6th Imam
• Student: Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
• Known Fields: Chemistry, Fiqh, Hadith, Astronomy, Mathematics

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Plastic is generally an amorphous (non-crystalline) material and does not naturally form crystals.
• Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon with a regular atomic structure.
• Sucrose (sugar) naturally forms crystals.
• Crystalline materials have atoms arranged in a regular repeating pattern.
• Amorphous materials lack a long-range ordered crystal structure.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• A Panacea means a universal remedy or a medicine believed to cure all diseases.
• The term comes from Greek mythology, where Panacea was the goddess of universal healing.
• In modern medicine, no real panacea exists for all diseases.
• A vaccine prevents specific diseases.
• An antibiotic treats bacterial infections.
• The term panacea is often used figuratively to describe a solution claimed to solve every problem.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Alluvium is the soil, sand, silt, clay, and gravel deposited by flowing rivers and streams.
• It forms fertile plains that are highly suitable for agriculture.
• The Indus Plain of Pakistan is largely made up of alluvial deposits.

Additional information:

• Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits formed where a river leaves a mountainous area.
• Albedo is the measure of how much sunlight a surface reflects and is unrelated to river deposits.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Mushrooms are heterotrophs and cannot make their own food.
• They obtain nutrients by absorbing them from dead and decaying organic matter or from living organisms.
• Fungi lack chlorophyll, so they cannot perform photosynthesis.
• Fungi belong to the Kingdom Fungi.

Last verified on 27-07-2026