Explanation

• Water (H₂O) shows maximum hydrogen bonding.
• Oxygen is highly electronegative and forms strong H-bonds.
• Hydrogen bonding occurs when H is bonded to N, O, or F.
• Water forms a strong intermolecular network of H-bonds.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Solvent extraction is controlled by the Distribution Law (Nernst Distribution Law).
• It describes how a solute distributes between two immiscible liquids.
• At equilibrium, the concentration ratio remains constant.
• This law governs equilibrium in extraction processes.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) is used as a drying agent in a desiccator.
• It absorbs moisture from the air.
• It keeps substances dry and free from water vapor.
• Desiccators are used in laboratories for drying chemicals.
• CaCl₂ is highly hygroscopic.

Last verified 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Activated charcoal is a decolorization agent.
• It removes color impurities from solutions.
• It works by adsorption.
• It has a large surface area for trapping impurities.
• Commonly used in purification processes.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Chile saltpeter is the common name for sodium nitrate (NaNO₃).
• It is found naturally in Chile and Peru.
• It is used in fertilizers and explosives.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Magnesite has the chemical formula MgCO₃ (Magnesium carbonate).
• It is an important mineral of magnesium.
• It is mainly used for producing magnesium oxide and refractory materials.
• Magnesite is a carbonate mineral found in many parts of the world.
• Its composition includes magnesium, carbon, and oxygen.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• When a body moves upward, its height from the ground increases.
• Gravitational potential energy depends on height (P.E = mgh), so it increases as height increases.
• The increase in potential energy comes from the conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy.

Last verified on 18-06-2026

Explanation

• Picosecond (ps) = 10⁻¹² seconds
• SI prefix “pico” means 10⁻¹².
• 1 picosecond = one trillionth of a second.

Additional information:

• Microsecond (μs) = 10⁻⁶ seconds
• Nanosecond (ns) = 10⁻⁹ seconds
• Millisecond (ms) = 10⁻³ seconds
• Femtosecond (fs) = 10⁻¹⁵ seconds
• Attosecond (as) = 10⁻¹⁸ seconds
• Zeptosecond (zs) = 10⁻²¹ seconds
• Yoctosecond (ys) = 10⁻²⁴ seconds

Last verified on 17-06-2026

Explanation

• The dimension of viscosity is [ML⁻¹T⁻¹].
• Viscosity measures a fluid’s resistance to flow.
• Higher viscosity means thicker fluid (like honey).
• Lower viscosity means thinner fluid (like water).

Last verified on 17-06-2026

Explanation

• The unit of pressure is N/m² (Newton per square meter).
• It is also called Pascal (Pa).
• Pressure means force applied per unit area.
• Higher force or smaller area increases pressure.

Last verified on 17-06-2026