Explanation

• Position isomerism occurs when the same functional group occupies different positions in the carbon chain.
• Alcohols show position isomerism, such as butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol.
• Alkyl halides and primary amines can also show position isomerism.
• Ethers generally show functional group isomerism, rather than position isomerism, because the oxygen atom connects two alkyl groups.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Hexane (C₆H₁₄) has five structural isomers.
• These are n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
• All five isomers have the same molecular formula but different carbon-chain arrangements.
• Their physical properties, such as boiling points, are different.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• A solution is saturated when its ionic product (Q) equals the solubility product (Ksp).
• At this point, the solution is in equilibrium with the undissolved solute.
• If Q is less than Ksp, the solution is unsaturated.
• If Q is greater than Ksp, the solution is supersaturated and precipitation may occur.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Acid-base indicators are generally weak organic acids or weak bases.
• They show different colours in acidic and basic solutions.
• For example, phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.
• Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Isomers have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
• They may have different structural formulas and physical properties.
• Structural isomers differ in the connectivity of their atoms.
• For example, n-butane and isobutane (C₄H₁₀) have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Molds and yeasts belong to the kingdom Fungi.
• Molds are multicellular fungi that grow as thread-like structures called hyphae.
• Yeasts are mostly unicellular fungi that reproduce mainly by budding.
• Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic matter from their surroundings.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• The skeleton provides structural support and maintains the body's shape.
• It protects vital internal organs, such as the brain, heart and lungs.
• It helps in movement by providing attachment points for muscles.
• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Chemotropism is the directional growth of a plant or its parts in response to a chemical stimulus.
• The growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule due to chemical signals is an example of positive chemotropism.

Additional information:

• Thigmotropism is a response to touch, hydrotropism to water and phototropism to light.
• Chemotropism helps in plant reproduction, especially during fertilization.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• The axial skeleton forms the central supporting axis of the human body.
• It includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
• The adult human axial skeleton consists of 80 bones.
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles, containing 126 bones.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Nephridiopore is the external opening of the nephridium in an earthworm.
• Nephridia are the excretory organs that remove metabolic waste and help regulate water balance.
• Nephrostome is the funnel-shaped internal opening of a nephridium.
• Earthworms use nephridia to eliminate nitrogenous waste from their bodies.

Last verified on 02-11-2026