Explanation

• Junk mail is also called spam.
• The name comes from an old Monty Python comedy sketch.
• It is commonly used for ads, scams, or fake promotions.
  

Additional information:

• Spoof means pretending to be another sender (email spoofing).
• Email services use spam filters to block junk mail automatically.

Explanation

• The dollar sign ($) is used to create an absolute cell reference in MS Excel.

Additional information:

• Absolute Reference: $D$2 (Row and column fixed)
• Relative Reference: D2 (Row and column change)
• Mixed Reference: $D2 (Column fixed)
• Mixed Reference: D$2 (Row fixed)
• Shortcut Key: F4 toggles between reference types.

Last verified on 18-07-2026

Explanation

• An Operating System (OS) is system software.
• It manages computer hardware and provides a platform for running application software.
• It acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware.

Functions of an Operating System:

• Allocates resources
• Monitors activities
• Manages disks and files

Last verified on 02-07-2026

Explanation

• VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integration
• VLSI began in 1970
• It is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands, millions, or even billions of transistors onto a single tiny silicon chip

Explanation

• An input device is any hardware component used to send data, signals, and commands to a computer. 
• Keyboard: Used to type text and enter commands.
• Mouse: Used to control the cursor and select items.
• Microphone: Used to record sound.
• Scanner: Used to convert physical documents into digital file
  

Last updated by NA on 09-09-2026

Explanation

• Ctrl + C in MS Word is used for the Copy command.

Additional information:

• Ctrl + R → Align text to the right
• Ctrl + E → Center align text
• Ctrl + J → Justify paragraph
• Ctrl + L → Align text to the left
• Ctrl + Q → Remove paragraph formatting (reset to default left alignment)

Last verified on 10-06-2026

Explanation

• DOCX is the newer version of DOC, the original official Microsoft Word file format. 
• Microsoft Word 97 - 2003 Document extension (.doc).
• Microsoft Word 2007 to till date Document extension (.docx).

Additional information:

• .xls extension of Excel.
• .ppt extension of PowerPoint.
• .txt extension of Text files.
• .pdf extension of Portable Document Format.

Last verified on 15-02-2026

Explanation

• ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
• It is a type of non-volatile memory.
• So its contents are retained when power is turned off.
• ROM stores important instructions such as firmware and boot instructions.

Additional information:

• RAM → Random Access Memory
• PROM → Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM → Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• .pptx → Default PowerPoint Presentation (2007 and later)
• ppt → PowerPoint Presentation (97–2003)

Additional information:

• .ppsx → PowerPoint Show (opens directly as a slideshow)
• .potx → PowerPoint Template
• .pptm → Macro-enabled Presentation

Last verified on 11-07-2026

Explanation

• The shortcut key to insert a new slide in a PowerPoint presentation is Ctrl + M.

Additional information:

• Ctrl + N shortcut key used to create a new presentation document.
• Ctrl + S shortcut key used to save a presentation.

Last verified on 29-05-2026