Explanation

• Designer: Amir Uddin Kidwai Adoption Date: 11 August 1947 (officially adopted) Additional information: Green field – represents Muslims of Pakistan White stripe – represents minorities and religious minorities’ rights Crescent and star – symbol of progress and light Proportion of flag: 2:3 (height:width)

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• Timur Lang invaded India in 1398 AD during the reign of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.

Additional information:

• Timur entered India through the northwestern frontier and advanced toward Delhi.
• He captured and plundered Delhi in December 1398, severely weakening the Tughlaq Sultanate.
• Timur was a Central Asian conqueror who established the Timurid Empire, with Samarkand as his principal capital.
• The Tughlaq dynasty was founded by Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq in 1320 AD.

Last verified on 22-10-2026

Explanation

• Allama Muhammad Iqbal wrote “Fatima bint Abdullah”.
• He honoring a young Muslim girl who supplied water to wounded soldiers in Libya.
• The poem highlights her courage, sacrifice and service.

Additional information:

• Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in Sialkot.
• He was died on 21 April 1938 in Lahore.
• He is known as Poet of the East (شاعرِ مشرق).
• Famous works: Bang-e-Dra, Bal-e-Jibril, Zarb-e-Kalim, and Asrar-e-Khudi.

Last verified on 22-10-2026

Explanation

• The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) divided Pakistan into 10 agro-ecological zones.
• This classification considers factors such as climate, rainfall, temperature, soils, and agricultural potential.
• The zones help researchers and planners identify suitable crops and develop region-specific agricultural practices.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Sour citrus varieties, including sour oranges and related citrus fruits.
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is known for citrus production in areas such as Malakand and Swat.
• Citrus cultivation depends on suitable temperatures, soil conditions, and water availability.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Arshad Nadeem became the first Pakistani athlete to directly qualify for the Tokyo Olympics in men's javelin throw.

Additional information:

• Qualification achievement: 86.29 metres at the 2019 South Asian Games.
• Tokyo Olympics: Held in 2021 after postponement due to COVID-19.
• Olympic result: Finished fifth in the men's javelin final with a throw of 84.62 metres.

Last verified on 15-10-2026

Explanation

• The Ottoman Empire emerged in Anatolia around 1299 after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.

Additional information:

• Founder: Osman I (Osman Ghazi).
• Beginning: Around 1299.
• Capital: Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) became the capital in 1453 after its conquest by Mehmed II.
• End: The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922.

Last verified on 15-10-2026

Explanation

• In March 1976, Pakistan and France signed an agreement for a plutonium-based reprocessing plant at Chashma.
• The deal included a 600 MW power plant.
• France canceled the deal in August 1978.

Additional information:

• Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
• Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998.
• It is now considered a nuclear weapon state.

Last verified on 15-10-2026

Explanation