Explanation

Strain = ΔL / L

= (10 mm) / (500 cm)

= 10 mm / 5000 mm

= 0.002

Explanation

Friction is an unconservative force because it dissipates mechanical energy as heat.

Unlike conservative forces, work done depends on the path, not just initial and final positions.

Explanation

In neutral equilibrium, if the system is slightly displaced, it stays in the new position without returning or moving further.

Therefore, the potential energy remains constant at all positions.

Explanation

A beam with three fixed supports is statically indeterminate.

Each fixed support provides 3 reactions (vertical, horizontal, moment), so degree of indeterminacy = 3×3 – 3 (equations of equilibrium) = 6.

Explanation

Poisson’s ratio measures lateral expansion to axial compression; rubber is highly elastic, so it has the highest value (~0.5).

Metals like steel, copper, cast iron have much lower Poisson’s ratios (0.25–0.35).

Explanation

Downtown areas are the central business districts (CBD) of a city.

They are dominated by shops, offices, banks, and trading activities rather than residential use.

Explanation

Electro-osmosis is effective for draining fine-grained soils like clay, where water movement is very slow.

It uses electric current to move water from soil pores to drains, accelerating dewatering.

Explanation

Sulphate resistant cement resists attack from sulfates in soil and water, making it ideal for coastal areas, mines, and canals.

It prevents expansion and deterioration of concrete in aggressive environments.

Explanation

If shear stress in a beam exceeds 15 kg/cm², its dimensions must be increased to ensure safety.

This prevents shear failure and maintains structural integrity.

Explanation

50% of the balcony area is included in the total floor area calculation for buildings.

This accounts for usable but partially covered space without overestimating area.