Explanation

Pathology, Genetics, and Microbiology are biological sciences dealing with life and living organisms.

Mineralogy is a branch of geology that studies minerals, not biology.

Explanation

The Metric System of Measurements uses the mass units: gram (g), kilogram (kg), and tonne (t). 1000 g = 1 kg. 1000 kg = 1 tonne.

Mass was first defined in 1795

Symbol: M

Explanation

A transformer can increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) the voltage of alternating current (AC).

It's widely used in power transmission to reduce energy loss over long distances.

Explanation

Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy (sunlight) directly into electrical energy.

They work by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, generating electricity.

Explanation

A central force always acts along the line joining the object and a fixed point (the center).

Gravitational and centripetal forces are specific examples of central force.

Explanation

The book is at rest with no net force or motion, so it is in static equilibrium.

Since any small push won’t topple it, it is also considered stable equilibrium on a flat surface.

Explanation

Convex mirrors diverge light rays, giving a wider field of view, helpful in traffic.

They form diminished, virtual, and upright images, making distant vehicles visible clearly.

Explanation

• The 4th and 5th periods in the periodic table are known as the long periods.
• These periods contain 18 elements each, making them the longest periods in the periodic table.

Important Points:

• Short periods: 1st and 2nd periods (2 and 8 elements, respectively)
• Long periods: 4th and 5th periods (18 elements each)
• Normal periods: 3rd and 6th periods (8 and 12 elements, respectively)

Explanation

Urea is the most widely used nitrogenous fertilizer in Pakistan due to its high nitrogen content (46%).

It is cheap, effective, and easily available compared to other nitrogen fertilizers.

Explanation

Neon is a noble gas that exists as single atoms (mono-atomic) in nature.

Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂), and Fluorine (F₂) are diatomic molecules.