Explanation

• EC (Emulsifiable Concentrate): Liquid formulation mixed with water for spraying.
• WP (Wettable Powder): Powder that disperses in water before application.
• EC and WP are most popular due to ease of application and effectiveness.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Gurdaspur borer (Bissetia steniellus) is a major destructive pest of sugarcane.
• It attacks sugarcane between July and September.
• It causing the tops to dry and significant yield losses.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Biological control reduces chemical pesticide use, lowering environmental pollution.
• Effective in crops like cotton, vegetables, and fruit orchards.
• Sometimes combined with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for better results.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Oil-based insecticides are widely used in agriculture to control pests. 
• They contain active ingredients that can penetrate insect bodies effectively.
• The formulation type affects application method, efficiency, and safety.

Additional information:

• EC formulations provide uniform coverage and quick pest knockdown.
• Widely used for crops like cotton, vegetables, and fruit trees.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

Rainfall classification:

• Arid: < 250 mm
• Semi-arid: 500–750 mm
• Sub-humid: 750–1,250 mm
• Humid: > 1,250 mm

Semi-arid regions often face drought risks and require efficient irrigation.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Saline-sodic soils contain high amounts of soluble salts and sodium, which reduce crop growth. 
• These soils are common in arid and semi-arid regions where evaporation exceeds rainfall. 
• Treating them properly improves fertility and productivity.

Additional information:

• Reclamation often involves leaching with good-quality water and adding gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O).
• Once reclaimed, these soils can support crops like wheat, cotton, and sugarcane.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Conservation Agriculture is a form of sustainable agriculture focused on long-term soil and resource health.
• Based on three key principles: minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, crop rotation.
• Helps improve soil fertility, moisture conservation, and biodiversity.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Imbibition is the absorption of water by seeds or dry plant tissues.
• It causes swelling of the seed and initiates germination.

Additional information:

• Imbibition generates pressure called imbibitional pressure, which can crack hard seed coats.
• It is the first step in seed germination before water uptake by osmosis.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Mulching: Covers soil surface and reduces evaporation and temperature loss.
• Soil organic matter: Improves water-holding capacity and soil structure.
• Deep tillage: Breaks hardpan and increases water infiltration and storage.

Last verified on 01-02-2026

Explanation

• Hypocotyl is the portion of the embryonic stem below the cotyledon(s).
• It connects the cotyledons to the radicle (embryonic root).
• During germination (especially in dicots), hypocotyl often elongates and lifts cotyledons above soil.

Additional information:

• Epicotyl is the stem part above the cotyledons.

Last verified on 01-02-2026