Explanation

• Denitrification is the process where nitrates in soil are converted to nitrogen gas by bacteria.
• It is more pronounced in waterlogged soils because low oxygen conditions favor denitrifying bacteria.

Additional information:

• Sandy soil: Well-drained, less denitrification
• Loam soil: Moderate drainage, moderate denitrification

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Certified seed is produced from Foundation seed.
• It is approved for farmers to use and sell in the market.
• Ensures high germination, purity, and true-to-type plants.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Aphids are small sap-sucking insects affecting many crops.
• They attack cereals, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, and oilseeds.

Additional information:

• In Wheat & Barley, aphids can spread Barley yellow dwarf virus.
• In Cotton & Sugarcane, they affect growth and leaf health.
• In Vegetables & Oilseeds, aphids reduce plant vigor and seed quality.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• The Training and Visit (T & V) system is an agricultural extension method to improve farming practices.

Components include:

• Researcher: Develops improved technologies and practices.
• Extension worker: Trains and visits farmers to transfer knowledge.
• Farmer: Implements new technologies on their fields.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Fidelity in communication refers to the accuracy and faithfulness of the message being transmitted.
• It ensures the receiver understands exactly what the sender intends.

Additional information:

• High fidelity reduces misunderstandings and errors in communication.
• Essential in education, management, and mass communication.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

Treatment Name: Hot Water Treatment (HWT)

Temperature Used: ~48°C to 55°C

Treatment Time: 5–10 minutes

Main Disease Prevented: Anthracnose (fungal disease)

Exports Affected Crops: Mango, banana, papaya, citrus

Additional information:

• Anthracnose is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Last verified on 23-01-2026

Explanation

• Shallow-rooted crops (e.g., lettuce, radish, spinach) are sensitive to water stress and rely on surface moisture.
• Winter season provides cooler temperatures and adequate moisture in topsoil.
• They require frequent irrigation due to limited root depth.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Fumigation protects stored seeds from insects, pests, and fungal infections.
• Ensures seed viability and quality during storage.
• Common fumigants include phosphine and methyl bromide.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• IPM is a sustainable approach to manage pests.
• Focuses on economic and eco-friendly pest control.
• Combines cultural, biological, and chemical methods responsibly.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Mulching involves covering the soil with organic or synthetic material.
• Helps retain soil moisture and suppress weed growth.
• Common practice in vegetables, orchards, and cash crops.

Last verified on 30-01-2026