Explanation

• Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
• Symptoms include severe diarrhea, dehydration, and vomiting.
• Cholera can be prevented by clean drinking water and proper sanitation.

• It mainly spreads through contaminated water and food.
  It is most common in areas with poor hygiene and overcrowding.

Last verified on 3-03-2026

Explanation

• Iodine deficiency causes goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
• Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones.
• Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy or early childhood can impair brain development.

Last verified on 07-09-2026

Explanation

• Tuberculosis, typhoid, pneumonia and cholera are caused by bacteria.
• Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Typhoid is caused by Salmonella Typhi, while cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
• Bacterial pneumonia can be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

Iron deficiency can lead to Anaemia, a condition characterized by:

• Low red blood cell count
• Pale skin
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, including Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.
• Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm.
• It often produces a circular, red, itchy rash on the skin.
• The infection may affect the scalp, body, feet, or groin, depending on the site of infection.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• Salmonella Typhi is the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.
• It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium.
• It spreads through food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
• Common symptoms include prolonged fever, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, and digestive problems.
• Typhoid can be prevented through safe drinking water, proper sanitation, handwashing, and vaccination.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of hormones, particularly cortisol and often aldosterone.
• The condition is also called adrenal insufficiency.
• Common symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin darkening.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• High aluminum exposure can be toxic, particularly to the nervous system, and may cause neurological problems.
• Aluminum has been investigated for a possible association with Alzheimer’s disease.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• Hepatitis A vaccination provides effective protection against the Hepatitis A virus.
• Hepatitis A mainly spreads through contaminated food or water and the fecal–oral route.
• Washing hands thoroughly with soap and clean water, especially after using the toilet and before preparing or eating food, helps prevent infection.
• Drinking safe water and eating properly prepared food further reduce the risk of transmission.

Last verified on 21-10-2026

Explanation

• An endemic is the constant or usual presence of a disease in a particular area or population.
• An epidemic occurs when disease cases rise above the expected level within a specific region or population.
• A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents, often affecting large numbers of people.
• Option 3 is incorrect because a pandemic is a global epidemic, not a global endemic.

Last verified on 21-10-2026