Explanation

• Factor of Safety (FOS) indicates the safety margin of a foundation.
• It is calculated as: Ultimate bearing capacity ÷ Safe bearing capacity.
• A higher factor of safety provides a greater safety margin.
• It helps ensure that the soil remains safe under the applied load.

Explanation

Given:

Brickwork = 100 cft

Mortar ratio = 1: 5

For rate analysis of brickwork, the standard quantity of cement for 100 cft of brickwork in 1:5 mortar is approximately 4 bags.

Explanation

Given ratio 1 : 6 : 12

Step 1: Total ratio

$$1+6+12=19$$

Cement = 1 part.

Step 2: Dry volume of concrete

For concrete, dry volume is usually taken as:

400×1.54=616 ft3

Step 3: Cement volume

191​×616=32.42 ft3

Step 4: Number of cement bags

1 cement bag (50 kg) ≈ 1.25 ft³

1.2532.42​=25.94

≈26 bags​

Explanation

Explanation

• Low-heat cement produces less heat of hydration.
• Dams are mass concrete structures, so heat control is important.
• It reduces the risk of thermal cracking.
• It develops strength more slowly than ordinary Portland cement.

Last updated: 15-08-2026 by NS 

Explanation

Explanation

• In a 1:5 cement mortar ratio, the first number represents cement.
• The second number 5, represents sand.
• So, 1 part cement: 5 parts sand.
• This ratio is commonly used in brick masonry and plastering, depending on specifications.

Last updated by NS on 14-8-2026

Explanation

• Granite is a strong and durable building stone.
• It has high compressive strength.
• It can withstand heavy loads from the bridge structure.
• It is resistant to weathering and abrasion.

Last updated by NS on 14-8-2026

Explanation

• Measured length = 250 m
• Standard chain length = 20 m
• Chain is 10 cm longer = 0.10 m
• Actual chain length = 20 + 0.10 = 20.10 m

Formula:

True Length=Measured Length×Actual Chain Length/Standard Chain Length​

Substitute:

=250×20.10/20

​ $$=250\times 1.005$$

=251.25 m

Last updated by NS on 14-8-2026
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Explanation

Use the formula: (a+b)^2=a^2 +2ab+b^2

(102)^2 =(100+2)^2

=10000+400+4

=10,404