Explanation

• Sodium carbonate is produced by the Solvay process, also known as the ammonia-soda process.
• This process was developed by Ernest Solvay in the 1860s.
• It uses salt and limestone as the main ingredients, which are readily available and inexpensive.
• The Solvay process produces roughly three-quarters of the world's supply of sodium carbonate, with the remaining being mined from natural deposits.

Explanation

Explanation

The percentage by mass of an element in a compound is calculated using the formula:

Percentage by mass = (Mass of element in 1 mole of compound / Molar mass of compound) x 100

Explanation

Mischievous means شرارتی ۔

Impish means شیطانی خصُوصیات کا حامِل ۔ شَریر ۔ 

Explanation

• The electric field strength related to Hall voltage is given by VH/d, where V is the Hall voltage and d is the width of the conductor.
• The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

Explanation

The force exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of the water is equal to the pressure multiplied by the area of the surface:

Force = Pressure x Area

= 100 kPa x (2 m x 1 m)

= 100,000 Pa x 2 m^2

= 200,000 N

= 200 kN

Explanation

The increase in the rate of reaction due to an increase in temperature is due to two main factors:

• Increased energy: As temperature increases, the particles gain kinetic energy, allowing them to move faster and collide more frequently.
• Successful collisions: The increased energy also leads to a greater likelihood of successful collisions, where the particles have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and react.

Explanation

Hackneyed means پرانا

Original means اصل

Explanation

• In semiconductors, as the temperature increases, the conductivity increases.
• This is because heat energy excites more electrons into the conduction band, allowing them to flow more freely and increasing the conductivity.
• This is in contrast to metals, where conductivity typically decreases with increasing temperature.

Explanation

• The resistance of a filament lamp increases at higher voltages.
• The increase in voltage leads to an increase in current, which heats up the filament and increases the resistance.
• The increased temperature causes the atoms in the filament to vibrate more, making it more difficult for electrons to pass through and increasing the resistance.