Explanation

• The first-ever IBM PC-compatible computer virus, named "Brain'
• It is also known as Pakistani Brain or Lahore
• Developed in January 1986
• By two brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi,

Last updated by NA on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• The feature in Microsoft Word used to create mailing lists and bulk letters is Mail Merge.
• It is a feature of MS Word used for bulk document creation.
• It combines a main document with a data source (like names or addresses).
• Each output document is customized automatically.
• Commonly used for letters, labels, and certificates.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• F12 → Save As

Additional information:

• Ctrl + S → Save
• Ctrl + O → Open
• Ctrl + P → Print
• Ctrl + N → New Document

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• Windows + D shows or hides the desktop.
• It minimizes all open windows to display the desktop.
• Pressing Windows + D again restores the previously open windows.

Additional information:

• Windows + E: Opens File Explorer.
• Windows + M: Minimizes all windows.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• A dedicated computer is assigned one and only one specific task.
• It is designed to perform a particular function.
• Dedicated computers are commonly used in ATMs, traffic-control systems, and industrial machines.
• They are optimized for their specific purpose and may be part of an embedded system.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
• It is used in computer networks to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• ARP works within a local area network (LAN).
• It was defined in 1982 by RFC 826, which is Internet Standard STD 37.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• DMA stands for Direct Memory Access.
• It is a method that allows an I/O device to transfer data directly to or from main memory (RAM).
• The CPU does not need to handle every individual byte of the transfer.
• DMA can improve data-transfer speed and reduce CPU workload.
• It is commonly used for devices such as disk drives, network cards, and sound cards.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• A printer is an output device that transfers digital information from a computer onto a physical medium, most commonly paper. 

Additional information:

Scanner:

Used to digitize physical documents or images, converting them into digital data.

Monitor:

An output device that displays visual information from a computer, but it does not produce physical copies on paper.

Keyboard:

An input device used to enter text and commands into a computer. 

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
• It is an early type of computer operating system used to manage files and programs.
• It works through text-based commands (command line).
• A famous example is MS-DOS used in early PCs. 
• Dennis Ritchie is the father of MS-DOS.
• It was developed in 1982.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• - Software: A set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform specific tasks.
• - Examples: MS Word, Windows, Google Chrome.

Additional information:

• - Monitor: An output device that displays information.
• - Hardware: Physical parts of a computer.
• - Printer: An output device that prints information on paper.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026