Explanation

• Viruses are non-cellular and obligate intracellular parasites.
• They cannot carry out life processes or reproduce without a living host cell.
• Viruses contain either DNA or RNA.
• They are considered to be at the boundary between living and non-living.
• The branch of science that studies viruses is called Virology.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
• It captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy to make food.

• Plants use chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b, which absorb sunlight.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• The majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive system occurs in the small intestine,
• Where the final stages of digestion take place.
• This organ's structure, featuring villi and microvilli, creates a large surface area optimized for absorbing digested nutrients and most water into the bloodstream.

Last verified on 08-11-2026

Explanation

• The cell was first coined by an English scientist Robert Hooke in the year 1665.
• Later the cell theory was given by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

Last verified on 08-11-2026

Explanation

• Plants need gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration.
• Exchange of CO₂, O₂, and water vapor occurs through stomata on leaves.
• Stomata are tiny pores controlled by guard cells.

Additional information:

• Helps maintain internal water balance and gas diffusion.
• Essential for growth, energy production, and transpiration.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.
• Because they produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
• ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
• ATP provides energy for different cellular activities such as movement, growth, and transport.
• Energy is produced through aerobic cellular respiration using oxygen and الغذائی molecules.
• They are found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.
• Richard Altmann first described mitochondria in 1890.

Main Parts of a Cell:

1. Cell membrane → Outer protective layer
2. Nucleus → Controls cell activities
3. Cytoplasm → Jelly-like material between membrane and nucleus

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Sindh: Karachi

Additional information:

1. Punjab: Lahore
2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar
3. Balochistan: Quetta
4. Gilgit-Baltistan (region): Gilgit
5. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (region): Muzaffarabad

Last verified on 08-11-2026

Explanation

• Allama Iqbal received the title of Sir in 1922 in Lahore.
• He was knighted by King George V for his contributions to literature.

Note: According to SPSC, 1923 is the correct answer.

Last verified on 09-10-2026

Explanation

• The Siachen Glacier is the longest
• It is the second-longest glacier in the world outside the polar regions. 
• Type: Mountain glacier
• Location: Karakoram, Ladakh (controlled by India, claimed by Pakistan)
• Length: 76 km (47 mi)

Additional information:

• Baltoro Glacier:  only 63 kilometers (39 miles) long
• Batura Glacier: roughly 57 kilometers (35 miles) in length.

Last updated by NA on 05-07-2026

Explanation

• First Introduced: 1933 by Chaudhary Rahmat Ali.
• Pamphlet: Titled "Now or Never" meaning Are We to Live or Perish Forever?

Additional information:

• First Use of Pakistan: Word appeared for the first time in this pamphlet.
• Based On: Two-nation theory of Syed Ahmed Khan.

Regions Represented (Pakistan):

1. Punjab
2. Afghanistan
3. Kashmir
4. Sindh
5. Baluchistan

Last verified on 24-03-2026