Explanation

• View: A virtual table based on an SQL query.
• Materialized View: A stored copy of query results.
• Main Difference: A view stores the query; a materialized view stores the query results.

Explanation

• MSE stands for Mean Squared Error
• It measures the average of the squared differences between actual and predicted values.
• It is used as a loss function to evaluate the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).
• Lower MSE = smaller prediction errors.

Explanation

• Merge Sort uses the divide-and-conquer algorithmic technique.
• Merge Sort divides the array into smaller subarrays.
• It sorts each subarray recursively.
• Finally, it merges them into one sorted array.
• Time Complexity: O n log n

Explanation

• Transport Layer provides error recovery and retransmission.
• Layer: The 4th layer of the OSI model.
• Example: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

Additional information:

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model has 7 layers:

1. Application: Network services (HTTP, FTP)

2. Presentation: Encryption, formatting, compression

3. Session: Manages communication sessions

4. Transport: End-to-end delivery, flow control (TCP)

5. Network: Routing and IP addressing

6. Data Link: MAC addressing and error detection

7. Physical: Transmits raw bits through cables or wireless signals

Explanation

• MS Excel: Application software used for spreadsheets, calculations, and data analysis.
• Windows, Linux, DOS: Operating systems (system software).

Explanation

• SSD: Uses flash memory; faster and has no moving parts.
• HDD: Uses spinning magnetic disks; slower and has moving parts.
• SSD is generally more durable and quieter than an HDD.
• SSD: Solid-State Drive
• HDD: Hard Disk Drive

Explanation

• RAM and Cache are volatile memories.
• It means their data is lost when power is turned off.
• Volatile memory requires continuous power to retain data.
• RAM is used for running programs and storing temporary data.
• Cache is a high-speed memory that stores frequently used data for the CPU.

Additional information:

• ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power.

Last verified on 16-02-2026

Explanation

• Data Validation in Excel is used to restrict or control the type of data (e.g., numbers only, dates, list values) entered in a cell.
• It helps prevent errors and ensures data consistency.

Last verified on 23-10-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• An IP address is used to uniquely identify a device on a network.
• It allows devices to communicate and exchange data over a network or the Internet.
• Every device connected to a network is assigned an IP address.
• An IP address helps send data to the correct destination.

Last verified on 07-07-2026