Explanation

• Large orifice: The head varies significantly across the opening, so the velocity of water is not uniform over the entire orifice.

Additional information:

• Small orifice: The head is generally considered large compared with the orifice dimension.
• It is commonly H≥5d, so the head variation across the opening can be neglected.
• The classification depends on the head relative to the orifice's vertical dimension.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Isohyetal Method: Lines called isohyets connect points receiving equal rainfall.
• The area between successive isohyets is measured, and the average rainfall for each zone is used to calculate the weighted average precipitation.
• This method considers the spatial variation of rainfall across the catchment, making it generally more accurate when sufficient rainfall data are available.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Meristem culture uses the tiny growing region at the shoot tip, called the apical meristem, to develop new plants under sterile laboratory conditions.
• The apical meristem is often free from viruses or contains a very low concentration of them, making it useful for producing virus-free planting material.
• This technique is widely used for crops such as potato, sugarcane, banana, and other plants that are vegetatively propagated.
• The resulting plants can be multiplied rapidly while maintaining desirable characteristics of the parent plant.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• The rear wheel helps counteract side draft, which is the sideways force that tends to pull the plough away from its intended line of travel.
• It helps maintain the stability and proper alignment of the disc plough during operation.
• Proper control of side draft improves the quality and uniformity of ploughing.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Primary tillage is the first major soil-working operation performed before planting a crop.
• It breaks and loosens the soil, reducing its strength and resistance to root growth.
• It rearranges soil aggregates and may incorporate or cover plant residues, weeds, and other materials.
• Common primary tillage implements include mouldboard ploughs, disc ploughs, and chisel ploughs.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• When the brake shoe or brake pad presses against a rotating drum or disc, friction is produced.
• This friction converts the tractor’s kinetic energy into heat energy, slowing down or stopping the wheels.
• Brake effectiveness depends on the friction between the braking surfaces and the condition of the brake components.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Observed on: 16 October every year
• Purpose: To raise awareness about food security, hunger, and nutrition
• 2024 Theme: Right to foods for a better life and a better future
• 2025 Theme: Hand in Hand for Better Foods and a Better Future
• Theme 2026: Innovate Today. Nourish Tomorrow

Additional information:

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)

• Established on: 16 October 1945
• Founder: United Nations
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Saturated vapour exists at the saturation temperature corresponding to a given pressure.
• During boiling, liquid water changes into steam at its saturation temperature, provided the pressure remains constant.
• At standard atmospheric pressure, water boils at approximately 100°C, and its saturation pressure is approximately 101.325 kPa.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Shaft horsepower (SHP): It is the mechanical power delivered to the pump shaft by the motor or engine.
• It represents the input power to the pump, before losses occur inside the pump.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Specific capacity of a well is the discharge of a well per unit of drawdown.
• It is calculated by dividing the well discharge by the drawdown.

Last verified on 16-10-2026